{"id":5792,"date":"2021-06-11T23:51:35","date_gmt":"2021-06-11T21:51:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/introduction-to-saffron-cultivation\/"},"modified":"2022-01-07T04:10:59","modified_gmt":"2022-01-07T03:10:59","slug":"introduccion-al-cultivo-del-azafran-bajo-invernadero","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/es\/introduccion-al-cultivo-del-azafran-bajo-invernadero\/","title":{"rendered":"Introducci\u00f3n al cultivo del azafr\u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2><strong>Introducci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El <strong>azafr\u00e1n<\/strong>, Crocus sativus L., es una <strong>especia rara de gran valor comercial<\/strong> que se obtiene de los estigmas de la flor del azafr\u00e1n. Seg\u00fan los productores de todo el mundo, se necesitan 75.000 flores o 225.000 estigmas clasificados para producir 0,5 kg de azafr\u00e1n. De ah\u00ed que su precio actual sea de 30.000 (\u20ac\/kg) o 16.500 (USD\/lb).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El nombre &#8220;azafr\u00e1n&#8221; deriva del lat\u00edn safranum, inspirado a su vez en el \u00e1rabe &#8220;zafer\u00e2n&#8221;. Esta planta es originaria de la <strong>regi\u00f3n mediterr\u00e1nea oriental<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/artam-hoomat-OTGrOtistH4-unsplash-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4757\" srcset=\"https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/artam-hoomat-OTGrOtistH4-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/artam-hoomat-OTGrOtistH4-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/artam-hoomat-OTGrOtistH4-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/artam-hoomat-OTGrOtistH4-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/artam-hoomat-OTGrOtistH4-unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/artam-hoomat-OTGrOtistH4-unsplash-730x487.jpg 730w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/artam-hoomat-OTGrOtistH4-unsplash-1070x713.jpg 1070w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El azafr\u00e1n es una <strong>planta de invierno<\/strong>, su flor comienza a florecer en noviembre en Ir\u00e1n hasta diciembre. Las flores deben cosecharse por la ma\u00f1ana temprano, ya que la flor se marchita r\u00e1pidamente durante el d\u00eda y los estigmas pierden sus cualidades. La <strong>cosecha<\/strong> es manual y se realiza en varias pasadas en funci\u00f3n de la floraci\u00f3n. Esta es una de las principales razones que justifican el elevado costo de esta especia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Saffron-1024x500.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4782\" width=\"683\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Saffron-1024x500.png 1024w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Saffron-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Saffron-768x375.png 768w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Saffron-730x356.png 730w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Saffron-1070x522.png 1070w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Saffron.png 1350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cada bulbo de azafr\u00e1n produce de <strong>6 a 9 hojas<\/strong>. Esta planta es de gran valor gracias a sus <strong>3 estigmas rojos <\/strong>muy visibles en la flor p\u00farpura de la planta. El azafr\u00e1n que se vende est\u00e1 compuesto por estos 3 estigmas rojos secos llamados &#8220;filamentos&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Condiciones de cultivo del azafr\u00e1n<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El azafr\u00e1n es un <strong>cultivo de tierras altas<\/strong>, en general crece normalmente en altitudes entre 600 y 1200 m de elevaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-1 wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 is-cropped\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mohammad-amiri-L8B7-OAuP2k-unsplash-1-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"4770\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mohammad-amiri-L8B7-OAuP2k-unsplash-1.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/introduction-to-saffron-cultivation\/mohammad-amiri-l8b7-oaup2k-unsplash-1\/\" class=\"wp-image-4772\" srcset=\"https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mohammad-amiri-L8B7-OAuP2k-unsplash-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mohammad-amiri-L8B7-OAuP2k-unsplash-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mohammad-amiri-L8B7-OAuP2k-unsplash-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mohammad-amiri-L8B7-OAuP2k-unsplash-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mohammad-amiri-L8B7-OAuP2k-unsplash-1-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mohammad-amiri-L8B7-OAuP2k-unsplash-1-730x487.jpg 730w, https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/mohammad-amiri-L8B7-OAuP2k-unsplash-1-1070x713.jpg 1070w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>&#8211; <strong>Temperatura<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La <strong>temperatura \u00f3ptima <\/strong>para la floraci\u00f3n est\u00e1 entre 23 y 27 \u00b0C (o 73 a 80 \u00b0F). Sin embargo, algunos investigadores han descubierto que la floraci\u00f3n requiere temperaturas mucho m\u00e1s bajas 17 \u00b0C (o 63\u00b0F) seg\u00fan (Molina et al., 2005a, b). El cultivo puede soportar muchas temperaturas duras, alcanzando hasta 40\u00b0C (o 104\u00b0F) en verano y -15\u00b0C (o 5\u00b0F) en invierno. El azafr\u00e1n puede cultivarse en regiones como Quebec, en Canad\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De hecho, la planta parece soportar temperaturas extremas, la <strong>cubierta de nieve<\/strong> en Am\u00e9rica del Norte proporciona protecci\u00f3n a los cormos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>&#8211; <strong>Humedad <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Los <strong>veranos secos <\/strong>(baja humedad del aire) suelen ser \u00f3ptimos para el cultivo del azafr\u00e1n. De hecho, los cormos son m\u00e1s susceptibles de pudrirse en zonas con veranos h\u00famedos. En las zonas h\u00famedas, se recomienda un drenaje eficaz del suelo o del medio durante todo el a\u00f1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>&#8211; <strong>Requisitos ed\u00e1ficos (suelo)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El azafr\u00e1n necesita un suelo profundo, ligero, con <strong>buen drenaje y rico en materia org\u00e1nica<\/strong>. Sin embargo, tolera suelos con hasta un 20 % de caliza. Las texturas arcilloso-calc\u00e1reas y areno-arcillosas son muy adecuadas. Deben evitarse los suelos demasiado arenosos. Los suelos m\u00e1s f\u00e9rtiles facilitan el crecimiento vegetativo en detrimento de la floraci\u00f3n. Las necesidades de agua se sit\u00faan en torno a los 650 mm anuales. El <strong>pH <\/strong>debe estar entre 5-8 aproximadamente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>&#8211; <strong>Ciclo de crecimiento<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TEl ciclo de crecimiento anual del azafr\u00e1n comprende cinc<strong>o etapas principales<\/strong>: la brotaci\u00f3n, la floraci\u00f3n, el desarrollo de las hojas, el desarrollo de los cormos hijos y la latencia:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Francisco-Jose-Montero-Garcia\/publication\/282481894\/figure\/fig1\/AS:371006217703424@1465466183606\/Scheme-of-the-annual-cycle-and-the-principal-growth-stages-of-saffron-Crocus-sativus-L.png\" alt=\"Scheme of the annual cycle and the principal growth stages of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on a monthly basis, according to the extended BBCH-scale in Albacete, Spain, based on ITAP (2013). The dash line shows the trend of leaf mass (%) and the dot line, the trend of corm mass (%). \u00a0\"\/><figcaption><em>The annual cycle and major growth stages of saffron (Corcoles et al. 2015).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>\u00bfCultivo de azafr\u00e1n en invernadero?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Utilizar un invernadero de baja tecnolog\u00eda tiene <strong>muchas ventajas:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>F\u00e1cil de construir y de bajo coste<\/li><li>Ambiente protegido, pero no demasiado caliente<\/li><li>Ya lo utilizan muchos para otros cultivos<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Estados Unidos importa m\u00e1s de 46 toneladas de azafr\u00e1n al a\u00f1o y la demanda va en aumento. La <strong>Universidad de Vermont<\/strong> ha realizado numerosos estudios sobre el potencial de cultivo del azafr\u00e1n en el llamado &#8220;Estado Verde&#8221; para ofrecer una oportunidad a los cultivadores de diversificar sus ingresos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La parte <strong>m\u00e1s intensiva<\/strong> en mano de obra del cultivo del azafr\u00e1n son la cosecha y el procesamiento. En comparaci\u00f3n, el ciclo de cultivo es mucho menos exigente (<strong>aportes bajos<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Los investigadores coinciden en que los <strong>invernaderos de t\u00fanel alto <\/strong>ofrecen una buena protecci\u00f3n durante los inviernos. Adem\u00e1s, pueden utilizarse para otros cultivos en primavera y verano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p><em>Conviene saber: un t\u00fanel de 30&#8242; x 96&#8242; de altura puede ser aprobado por las subvenciones del NRCS en Estados Unidos<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Saffron Production in VT Ecosystem with Arash G. | Webinar\" width=\"730\" height=\"411\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FKrcNOtZsbs?start=1515&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Conclusi\u00f3n:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El azafr\u00e1n es un <strong>cultivo de muy alto valor<\/strong> que presenta mucho potencial. Su demanda crecer\u00e1 con fuerza en todo el mundo en los pr\u00f3ximos a\u00f1os\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El t\u00fanel alto o el invernadero independiente proporcionar\u00e1n <strong>protecci\u00f3n contra las heladas<\/strong> y los caprichos del entorno exterior. Adem\u00e1s, el invernadero proteger\u00e1 el cultivo de las plagas y par\u00e1sitos que pueden destruir las plantas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sin embargo, todav\u00eda hay muchas dudas sobre la <strong>rentabilidad<\/strong> del cultivo del azafr\u00e1n en invernadero a gran escala\u2026 Es mejor hacer pruebas a <strong>peque\u00f1a escala<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fuentes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Phenological Growth stages of saffron Plant (Crocus sativus L.) according to the BBCH Scale: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/282481894_Phenological_Growth_stages_of_saffron_Plant_Crocus_sativus_L_according_to_the_BBCH_Scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/282481894_Phenological_Growth_stages_of_saffron_Plant_Crocus_sativus_L_according_to_the_BBCH_Scale<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cultiver le safran au Qu\u00e9bec (French):<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tZItnJtWwn4&amp;ab_channel=Radio-CanadaInfo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tZItnJtWwn4&amp;ab_channel=Radio-CanadaInfo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Golden opportunity: Saffron farm blooms in Stowe (April 2020): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vtcng.com\/stowetoday\/food_and_drink\/golden-opportunity-saffron-farm-blooms-in-stowe\/article_15a333d4-f5d1-11e9-8f16-b7f96a17edd3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.vtcng.com\/stowetoday\/food_and_drink\/golden-opportunity-saffron-farm-blooms-in-stowe\/article_15a333d4-f5d1-11e9-8f16-b7f96a17edd3.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Growing Saffron: A Complete Guide to Planting and Taking Care of Saffron at Home:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-morningchores wp-block-embed-morningchores\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"XyyF63FmcE\"><a href=\"https:\/\/morningchores.com\/growing-saffron\/\">Growing Saffron: A Complete Guide to Planting and Taking Care of Saffron at Home<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Growing Saffron: A Complete Guide to Planting and Taking Care of Saffron at Home&#8221; &#8212; MorningChores\" src=\"https:\/\/morningchores.com\/growing-saffron\/embed\/#?secret=XyyF63FmcE\" data-secret=\"XyyF63FmcE\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How To Grow Saffron: Research Farm To Home Garden:<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanmeadows.com\/blog\/2016\/11\/16\/how-to-grow-saffron-home-garden\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.americanmeadows.com\/blog\/2016\/11\/16\/how-to-grow-saffron-home-garden<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>IQDHO Culture du safran (French):<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.agrireseau.net\/documents\/Document_94942.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.agrireseau.net\/documents\/Document_94942.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M.A. Behdani, A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri and P. Rezvani, 2008. Models to Predict Flowering Time in the Main Saffron Production Regions of Khorasan Province.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Applied Sciences, 8: 907-909.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/scialert.net\/fulltext\/?doi=jas.2008.907.909\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/scialert.net\/fulltext\/?doi=jas.2008.907.909<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M.A. Behdani, A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri and P. Rezvani, 2008. Models to Predict Flowering Time in the Main Saffron Production Regions of Khorasan Province.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Applied Sciences, 8: 907-909.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Molina, R.V., M. Valero, Y. Navarro, J.L. Guardiola and A. Garcia-Luis, 2005.&nbsp;Temperature effects on flower formation in saffron (<em>Crocus sativus<\/em>&nbsp;L.). Sci. Hort., 103: 361-379.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Phenological Growth stages of saffron Plant (Crocus sativus L.) according to the BBCH Scale:<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/282481894_Phenological_Growth_stages_of_saffron_Plant_Crocus_sativus_L_according_to_the_BBCH_Scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/282481894_Phenological_Growth_stages_of_saffron_Plant_Crocus_sativus_L_according_to_the_BBCH_Scale<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El azafr\u00e1n, Crocus sativus L., es una especia rara de gran valor comercial que se obtiene de los estigmas de la flor del azafr\u00e1n. Seg\u00fan los productores de todo el mundo, se necesitan 75.000 flores o 225.000 estigmas clasificados para producir 0,5 kg de azafr\u00e1n. De ah\u00ed que su precio actual sea de 30.000 (\u20ac\/kg) o 16.500 (USD\/lb). <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4752,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[252,264,268],"tags":[728,722,729,723,329,724,730,725,726,727],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Introducci\u00f3n al cultivo del azafr\u00e1n - Horti Generation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El azafr\u00e1n, Crocus sativus L., es una especia rara de gran valor comercial que se obtiene de los estigmas de la flor del azafr\u00e1n.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/horti-generation.com\/es\/introduccion-al-cultivo-del-azafran-bajo-invernadero\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Introducci\u00f3n al cultivo del azafr\u00e1n - 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